Mechanics Of Flight Phillips Pdf
which yields an average value of 0.06±0.01. in our modelling, we assumed that birds follow a path consisting of a cycle of four flight phases. these flight phases are defined by two important elements. the first is the local wing lift coefficient (or angle of attack), which defines the relation between the downstroke velocity and the local wing motion, and the second is the mean angle of attack of the wing tip, which defines the local angle of attack of the wing tip (see fig. 3 ).
we can use the data of the flying bird pp2 to estimate the power required for flying. the mean downstroke velocity of the bird is 0.0328 ms1 and the lift-to-drag ratio of the wing is about 0.16, which corresponds to 0.12 w per bird. this power requirement corresponds to a mean consumption of 0.24 litre of fuel per day. thus, a bird performing a 15,200 km flight would have to eat about 9.4 kg of prey per day to replace the lost weight and make enough reserves to keep its eggs warm during about 20 days after returning from a foraging trip.
the cycle of flight phases is composed of horizontal curve phases superimposed by vertical curve phases. the horizontal curve phases are not directly responsible for the lift. they provide the body rotation and the longitudinal thrust, which are the kinematic elements needed for rotating the body in the direction of the wind and preventing toppling. but to generate lift, the wing tip must be angled more to the oncoming wind to deflect the air flow. as the bird must perform all the time a sequence of four flight phases during the flight cycle, the question arises how and at which rate the birds change the wing lift coefficient (i.e. angle of attack) during a flight cycle.
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